How results are calculated
Our tools use the formulas shown on each calculator page. Grade and score inputs normally range from 0 to 100. GPA inputs use numeric institution-defined points and the selected maximum scale. Blank, non-finite and out-of-range values are rejected.
Precision
Calculations use JavaScript floating-point numbers. Ordinary results display rounded to two decimal places. Required final scores round upward to two decimals to avoid understating a minimum. Official systems may use different rounding or truncation rules.
Validation and review
Development checks cover worked examples, boundary values, invalid inputs and the consistency of weighted averages. These checks are not independent academic certification. Contact us with a reproducible issue if a result appears incorrect.
What is not modeled
Some dedicated tools let you model a selected retake policy, equally weighted dropped scores or a stated must-pass threshold. These rules are never inferred from a school name. Other calculators do not apply them automatically. Curved or standardized scores, extra credit and official degree classifications are not modeled. Read the calculator-specific assumptions and your syllabus.